Index: ps/trunk/source/graphics/GameView.cpp =================================================================== --- ps/trunk/source/graphics/GameView.cpp (revision 23045) +++ ps/trunk/source/graphics/GameView.cpp (revision 23046) @@ -1,410 +1,406 @@ /* Copyright (C) 2019 Wildfire Games. * This file is part of 0 A.D. * * 0 A.D. is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * 0 A.D. is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with 0 A.D. If not, see . */ #include "precompiled.h" #include "GameView.h" #include "graphics/CameraController.h" #include "graphics/CinemaManager.h" #include "graphics/ColladaManager.h" #include "graphics/HFTracer.h" #include "graphics/LOSTexture.h" #include "graphics/LightEnv.h" #include "graphics/Model.h" #include "graphics/ObjectManager.h" #include "graphics/Patch.h" #include "graphics/SkeletonAnimManager.h" #include "graphics/SmoothedValue.h" #include "graphics/Terrain.h" #include "graphics/TerrainTextureManager.h" #include "graphics/TerritoryTexture.h" #include "graphics/Unit.h" #include "graphics/UnitManager.h" #include "graphics/scripting/JSInterface_GameView.h" #include "lib/input.h" #include "lib/timer.h" #include "lobby/IXmppClient.h" #include "maths/BoundingBoxAligned.h" #include "maths/MathUtil.h" #include "maths/Matrix3D.h" #include "maths/Quaternion.h" #include "ps/ConfigDB.h" #include "ps/Filesystem.h" #include "ps/Game.h" #include "ps/Globals.h" #include "ps/Hotkey.h" #include "ps/Joystick.h" #include "ps/Loader.h" #include "ps/LoaderThunks.h" #include "ps/Profile.h" #include "ps/Pyrogenesis.h" #include "ps/TouchInput.h" #include "ps/World.h" #include "renderer/Renderer.h" #include "renderer/WaterManager.h" #include "simulation2/Simulation2.h" #include "simulation2/components/ICmpPosition.h" #include "simulation2/components/ICmpRangeManager.h" -// Maximum distance outside the edge of the map that the camera's -// focus point can be moved -static const float CAMERA_EDGE_MARGIN = 2.0f * TERRAIN_TILE_SIZE; - class CGameViewImpl { NONCOPYABLE(CGameViewImpl); public: CGameViewImpl(CGame* game) : Game(game), ColladaManager(g_VFS), MeshManager(ColladaManager), SkeletonAnimManager(ColladaManager), ObjectManager(MeshManager, SkeletonAnimManager, *game->GetSimulation2()), LOSTexture(*game->GetSimulation2()), TerritoryTexture(*game->GetSimulation2()), ViewCamera(), CullCamera(), LockCullCamera(false), Culling(true), CameraController(ViewCamera) { } CGame* Game; CColladaManager ColladaManager; CMeshManager MeshManager; CSkeletonAnimManager SkeletonAnimManager; CObjectManager ObjectManager; CLOSTexture LOSTexture; CTerritoryTexture TerritoryTexture; /** * this camera controls the eye position when rendering */ CCamera ViewCamera; /** * this camera controls the frustum that is used for culling * and shadow calculations * * Note that all code that works with camera movements should only change * m_ViewCamera. The render functions automatically sync the cull camera to * the view camera depending on the value of m_LockCullCamera. */ CCamera CullCamera; /** * When @c true, the cull camera is locked in place. * When @c false, the cull camera follows the view camera. * * Exposed to JS as gameView.lockCullCamera */ bool LockCullCamera; /** * When @c true, culling is enabled so that only models that have a chance of * being visible are sent to the renderer. * Otherwise, the entire world is sent to the renderer. * * Exposed to JS as gameView.culling */ bool Culling; /** * Cache global lighting environment. This is used to check whether the * environment has changed during the last frame, so that vertex data can be updated etc. */ CLightEnv CachedLightEnv; CCinemaManager CinemaManager; CCameraController CameraController; }; #define IMPLEMENT_BOOLEAN_SETTING(NAME) \ bool CGameView::Get##NAME##Enabled() const \ { \ return m->NAME; \ } \ \ void CGameView::Set##NAME##Enabled(bool Enabled) \ { \ m->NAME = Enabled; \ } IMPLEMENT_BOOLEAN_SETTING(Culling); IMPLEMENT_BOOLEAN_SETTING(LockCullCamera); bool CGameView::GetConstrainCameraEnabled() const { return m->CameraController.GetConstrainCamera(); } void CGameView::SetConstrainCameraEnabled(bool enabled) { m->CameraController.SetConstrainCamera(enabled); } #undef IMPLEMENT_BOOLEAN_SETTING CGameView::CGameView(CGame *pGame): m(new CGameViewImpl(pGame)) { m->CullCamera = m->ViewCamera; g_Renderer.SetSceneCamera(m->ViewCamera, m->CullCamera); } CGameView::~CGameView() { UnloadResources(); delete m; } void CGameView::SetViewport(const SViewPort& vp) { m->CameraController.SetViewport(vp); } CObjectManager& CGameView::GetObjectManager() { return m->ObjectManager; } CCamera* CGameView::GetCamera() { return &m->ViewCamera; } CCinemaManager* CGameView::GetCinema() { return &m->CinemaManager; }; CLOSTexture& CGameView::GetLOSTexture() { return m->LOSTexture; } CTerritoryTexture& CGameView::GetTerritoryTexture() { return m->TerritoryTexture; } int CGameView::Initialize() { m->CameraController.LoadConfig(); return 0; } void CGameView::RegisterInit() { // CGameView init RegMemFun(this, &CGameView::Initialize, L"CGameView init", 1); RegMemFun(g_TexMan.GetSingletonPtr(), &CTerrainTextureManager::LoadTerrainTextures, L"LoadTerrainTextures", 60); RegMemFun(g_Renderer.GetSingletonPtr(), &CRenderer::LoadAlphaMaps, L"LoadAlphaMaps", 5); } void CGameView::BeginFrame() { if (m->LockCullCamera == false) { // Set up cull camera m->CullCamera = m->ViewCamera; } g_Renderer.SetSceneCamera(m->ViewCamera, m->CullCamera); CheckLightEnv(); m->Game->CachePlayerColors(); } void CGameView::Render() { g_Renderer.RenderScene(*this); } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // This callback is part of the Scene interface // Submit all objects visible in the given frustum void CGameView::EnumerateObjects(const CFrustum& frustum, SceneCollector* c) { { PROFILE3("submit terrain"); CTerrain* pTerrain = m->Game->GetWorld()->GetTerrain(); float waterHeight = g_Renderer.GetWaterManager()->m_WaterHeight + 0.001f; const ssize_t patchesPerSide = pTerrain->GetPatchesPerSide(); // find out which patches will be drawn for (ssize_t j=0; jGetPatch(i,j); // can't fail // If the patch is underwater, calculate a bounding box that also contains the water plane CBoundingBoxAligned bounds = patch->GetWorldBounds(); if(bounds[1].Y < waterHeight) bounds[1].Y = waterHeight; if (!m->Culling || frustum.IsBoxVisible(bounds)) c->Submit(patch); } } } m->Game->GetSimulation2()->RenderSubmit(*c, frustum, m->Culling); } void CGameView::CheckLightEnv() { if (m->CachedLightEnv == g_LightEnv) return; m->CachedLightEnv = g_LightEnv; CTerrain* pTerrain = m->Game->GetWorld()->GetTerrain(); if (!pTerrain) return; PROFILE("update light env"); pTerrain->MakeDirty(RENDERDATA_UPDATE_COLOR); const std::vector& units = m->Game->GetWorld()->GetUnitManager().GetUnits(); for (size_t i = 0; i < units.size(); ++i) units[i]->GetModel().SetDirtyRec(RENDERDATA_UPDATE_COLOR); } void CGameView::UnloadResources() { g_TexMan.UnloadTerrainTextures(); g_Renderer.UnloadAlphaMaps(); g_Renderer.GetWaterManager()->UnloadWaterTextures(); } void CGameView::Update(const float deltaRealTime) { // If camera movement is being handled by the touch-input system, // then we should stop to avoid conflicting with it if (g_TouchInput.IsEnabled()) return; if (!g_app_has_focus) return; m->CinemaManager.Update(deltaRealTime); if (m->CinemaManager.IsEnabled()) return; m->CameraController.Update(deltaRealTime); } CVector3D CGameView::GetCameraPivot() const { return m->CameraController.GetCameraPivot(); } CVector3D CGameView::GetCameraPosition() const { return m->CameraController.GetCameraPosition(); } CVector3D CGameView::GetCameraRotation() const { return m->CameraController.GetCameraRotation(); } float CGameView::GetCameraZoom() const { return m->CameraController.GetCameraZoom(); } void CGameView::SetCamera(const CVector3D& pos, float rotX, float rotY, float zoom) { m->CameraController.SetCamera(pos, rotX, rotY, zoom); } void CGameView::MoveCameraTarget(const CVector3D& target) { m->CameraController.MoveCameraTarget(target); } void CGameView::ResetCameraTarget(const CVector3D& target) { m->CameraController.ResetCameraTarget(target); } void CGameView::FollowEntity(entity_id_t entity, bool firstPerson) { m->CameraController.FollowEntity(entity, firstPerson); } entity_id_t CGameView::GetFollowedEntity() { return m->CameraController.GetFollowedEntity(); } InReaction game_view_handler(const SDL_Event_* ev) { // put any events that must be processed even if inactive here if (!g_app_has_focus || !g_Game || !g_Game->IsGameStarted() || g_Game->GetView()->GetCinema()->IsEnabled()) return IN_PASS; CGameView *pView=g_Game->GetView(); return pView->HandleEvent(ev); } InReaction CGameView::HandleEvent(const SDL_Event_* ev) { switch(ev->ev.type) { case SDL_HOTKEYDOWN: std::string hotkey = static_cast(ev->ev.user.data1); if (hotkey == "wireframe") { if (g_XmppClient && g_rankedGame == true) break; else if (g_Renderer.GetModelRenderMode() == SOLID) { g_Renderer.SetTerrainRenderMode(EDGED_FACES); g_Renderer.SetWaterRenderMode(EDGED_FACES); g_Renderer.SetModelRenderMode(EDGED_FACES); } else if (g_Renderer.GetModelRenderMode() == EDGED_FACES) { g_Renderer.SetTerrainRenderMode(WIREFRAME); g_Renderer.SetWaterRenderMode(WIREFRAME); g_Renderer.SetModelRenderMode(WIREFRAME); } else { g_Renderer.SetTerrainRenderMode(SOLID); g_Renderer.SetWaterRenderMode(SOLID); g_Renderer.SetModelRenderMode(SOLID); } return IN_HANDLED; } } return m->CameraController.HandleEvent(ev); } Index: ps/trunk/source/ps/Util.cpp =================================================================== --- ps/trunk/source/ps/Util.cpp (revision 23045) +++ ps/trunk/source/ps/Util.cpp (revision 23046) @@ -1,452 +1,451 @@ /* Copyright (C) 2019 Wildfire Games. * This file is part of 0 A.D. * * 0 A.D. is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * 0 A.D. is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with 0 A.D. If not, see . */ #include "precompiled.h" #include "ps/Util.h" #include "lib/posix/posix_utsname.h" #include "lib/ogl.h" #include "lib/snd.h" #include "lib/timer.h" #include "lib/bits.h" // round_up #include "lib/allocators/shared_ptr.h" #include "lib/sysdep/sysdep.h" // sys_OpenFile #include "lib/sysdep/gfx.h" #include "lib/sysdep/cpu.h" #include "lib/sysdep/os_cpu.h" #if ARCH_X86_X64 #include "lib/sysdep/arch/x86_x64/topology.h" #endif #include "lib/sysdep/smbios.h" #include "lib/tex/tex.h" #include "i18n/L10n.h" #include "lib/utf8.h" #include "ps/GameSetup/Config.h" #include "ps/GameSetup/GameSetup.h" #include "ps/Game.h" #include "ps/CLogger.h" #include "ps/Filesystem.h" #include "ps/VideoMode.h" #include "renderer/Renderer.h" #include "maths/MathUtil.h" #include "graphics/GameView.h" #include #include extern CStrW g_CursorName; static std::string SplitExts(const char *exts) { std::string str = exts; std::string ret = ""; size_t idx = str.find_first_of(" "); while(idx != std::string::npos) { if(idx >= str.length() - 1) { ret += str; break; } ret += str.substr(0, idx); ret += "\n"; str = str.substr(idx + 1); idx = str.find_first_of(" "); } return ret; } void WriteSystemInfo() { TIMER(L"write_sys_info"); // get_cpu_info and gfx_detect already called during init - see call site snd_detect(); struct utsname un; uname(&un); OsPath pathname = psLogDir()/"system_info.txt"; FILE* f = sys_OpenFile(pathname, "w"); if(!f) return; // current timestamp (redundant WRT OS timestamp, but that is not // visible when people are posting this file's contents online) { wchar_t timestampBuf[100] = {'\0'}; time_t seconds; time(&seconds); struct tm* t = gmtime(&seconds); const size_t charsWritten = wcsftime(timestampBuf, ARRAY_SIZE(timestampBuf), L"(generated %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S UTC)", t); ENSURE(charsWritten != 0); fprintf(f, "%ls\n\n", timestampBuf); } // OS fprintf(f, "OS : %s %s (%s)\n", un.sysname, un.release, un.version); // CPU fprintf(f, "CPU : %s, %s", un.machine, cpu_IdentifierString()); #if ARCH_X86_X64 fprintf(f, " (%dx%dx%d)", (int)topology::NumPackages(), (int)topology::CoresPerPackage(), (int)topology::LogicalPerCore()); #endif double cpuClock = os_cpu_ClockFrequency(); // query OS (may fail) #if ARCH_X86_X64 if(cpuClock <= 0.0) cpuClock = x86_x64::ClockFrequency(); // measure (takes a few ms) #endif if(cpuClock > 0.0) { if(cpuClock < 1e9) fprintf(f, ", %.2f MHz\n", cpuClock*1e-6); else fprintf(f, ", %.2f GHz\n", cpuClock*1e-9); } else fprintf(f, "\n"); // memory fprintf(f, "Memory : %u MiB; %u MiB free\n", (unsigned)os_cpu_MemorySize(), (unsigned)os_cpu_MemoryAvailable()); // graphics const std::wstring cardName = gfx::CardName(); const std::wstring driverInfo = gfx::DriverInfo(); fprintf(f, "Graphics Card : %ls\n", cardName.c_str()); fprintf(f, "OpenGL Drivers : %s; %ls\n", glGetString(GL_VERSION), driverInfo.c_str()); fprintf(f, "Video Mode : %dx%d:%d\n", g_VideoMode.GetXRes(), g_VideoMode.GetYRes(), g_VideoMode.GetBPP()); // sound fprintf(f, "Sound Card : %s\n", snd_card.c_str()); fprintf(f, "Sound Drivers : %s\n", snd_drv_ver.c_str()); // OpenGL extensions (write them last, since it's a lot of text) const char* exts = ogl_ExtensionString(); if (!exts) exts = "{unknown}"; fprintf(f, "\nOpenGL Extensions: \n%s\n", SplitExts(exts).c_str()); // System Management BIOS (even more text than OpenGL extensions) std::string smbios = SMBIOS::StringizeStructures(SMBIOS::GetStructures()); fprintf(f, "\nSMBIOS: \n%s\n", smbios.c_str()); fclose(f); f = 0; } // not thread-safe! static const wchar_t* HardcodedErrorString(int err) { static wchar_t description[200]; StatusDescription((Status)err, description, ARRAY_SIZE(description)); return description; } // not thread-safe! const wchar_t* ErrorString(int err) { // language file not available (yet) return HardcodedErrorString(err); // TODO: load from language file } // write the specified texture to disk. // note: cannot be made const because the image may have to be // transformed to write it out in the format determined by 's extension. Status tex_write(Tex* t, const VfsPath& filename) { DynArray da; RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERR(t->encode(filename.Extension(), &da)); // write to disk Status ret = INFO::OK; { shared_ptr file = DummySharedPtr(da.base); const ssize_t bytes_written = g_VFS->CreateFile(filename, file, da.pos); if(bytes_written > 0) ENSURE(bytes_written == (ssize_t)da.pos); else ret = (Status)bytes_written; } (void)da_free(&da); return ret; } /** * Return an unused directory, based on date and index (for example 2016-02-09_0001) */ OsPath createDateIndexSubdirectory(const OsPath& parentDir) { const std::time_t timestamp = std::time(nullptr); const struct std::tm* now = std::localtime(×tamp); // Two processes executing this simultaneously might attempt to create the same directory. int tries = 0; const int maxTries = 10; int i = 0; OsPath path; char directory[256]; do { sprintf(directory, "%04d-%02d-%02d_%04d", now->tm_year+1900, now->tm_mon+1, now->tm_mday, ++i); path = parentDir / CStr(directory); if (DirectoryExists(path) || FileExists(path)) continue; if (CreateDirectories(path, 0700, ++tries > maxTries) == INFO::OK) break; } while(tries <= maxTries); return path; } static size_t s_nextScreenshotNumber; // identifies the file format that is to be written // (case-insensitive). examples: "bmp", "png", "jpg". // BMP is good for quick output at the expense of large files. void WriteScreenshot(const VfsPath& extension) { // get next available numbered filename // note: %04d -> always 4 digits, so sorting by filename works correctly. const VfsPath basenameFormat(L"screenshots/screenshot%04d"); const VfsPath filenameFormat = basenameFormat.ChangeExtension(extension); VfsPath filename; vfs::NextNumberedFilename(g_VFS, filenameFormat, s_nextScreenshotNumber, filename); const size_t w = (size_t)g_xres, h = (size_t)g_yres; const size_t bpp = 24; GLenum fmt = GL_RGB; int flags = TEX_BOTTOM_UP; // we want writing BMP to be as fast as possible, // so read data from OpenGL in BMP format to obviate conversion. if(extension == L".bmp") { #if !CONFIG2_GLES // GLES doesn't support BGR fmt = GL_BGR; flags |= TEX_BGR; #endif } // Hide log messages and re-render RenderLogger(false); Render(); RenderLogger(true); const size_t img_size = w * h * bpp/8; const size_t hdr_size = tex_hdr_size(filename); shared_ptr buf; AllocateAligned(buf, hdr_size+img_size, maxSectorSize); GLvoid* img = buf.get() + hdr_size; Tex t; if(t.wrap(w, h, bpp, flags, buf, hdr_size) < 0) return; glReadPixels(0, 0, (GLsizei)w, (GLsizei)h, fmt, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img); if (tex_write(&t, filename) == INFO::OK) { OsPath realPath; g_VFS->GetRealPath(filename, realPath); LOGMESSAGERENDER(g_L10n.Translate("Screenshot written to '%s'"), realPath.string8()); debug_printf( CStr(g_L10n.Translate("Screenshot written to '%s'") + "\n").c_str(), realPath.string8().c_str()); } else LOGERROR("Error writing screenshot to '%s'", filename.string8()); } // Similar to WriteScreenshot, but generates an image of size 640*tiles x 480*tiles. void WriteBigScreenshot(const VfsPath& extension, int tiles) { // If the game hasn't started yet then use WriteScreenshot to generate the image. if(g_Game == NULL){ WriteScreenshot(L".bmp"); return; } // get next available numbered filename // note: %04d -> always 4 digits, so sorting by filename works correctly. const VfsPath basenameFormat(L"screenshots/screenshot%04d"); const VfsPath filenameFormat = basenameFormat.ChangeExtension(extension); VfsPath filename; vfs::NextNumberedFilename(g_VFS, filenameFormat, s_nextScreenshotNumber, filename); // Slightly ugly and inflexible: Always draw 640*480 tiles onto the screen, and // hope the screen is actually large enough for that. const int tile_w = 640, tile_h = 480; ENSURE(g_xres >= tile_w && g_yres >= tile_h); const int img_w = tile_w*tiles, img_h = tile_h*tiles; const int bpp = 24; GLenum fmt = GL_RGB; int flags = TEX_BOTTOM_UP; // we want writing BMP to be as fast as possible, // so read data from OpenGL in BMP format to obviate conversion. if(extension == L".bmp") { #if !CONFIG2_GLES // GLES doesn't support BGR fmt = GL_BGR; flags |= TEX_BGR; #endif } const size_t img_size = img_w * img_h * bpp/8; const size_t tile_size = tile_w * tile_h * bpp/8; const size_t hdr_size = tex_hdr_size(filename); void* tile_data = malloc(tile_size); if(!tile_data) { WARN_IF_ERR(ERR::NO_MEM); return; } shared_ptr img_buf; AllocateAligned(img_buf, hdr_size+img_size, maxSectorSize); Tex t; GLvoid* img = img_buf.get() + hdr_size; if(t.wrap(img_w, img_h, bpp, flags, img_buf, hdr_size) < 0) { free(tile_data); return; } ogl_WarnIfError(); CCamera oldCamera = *g_Game->GetView()->GetCamera(); // Resize various things so that the sizes and aspect ratios are correct { g_Renderer.Resize(tile_w, tile_h); SViewPort vp = { 0, 0, tile_w, tile_h }; g_Game->GetView()->SetViewport(vp); } #if !CONFIG2_GLES // Temporarily move everything onto the front buffer, so the user can // see the exciting progress as it renders (and can tell when it's finished). // (It doesn't just use SwapBuffers, because it doesn't know whether to // call the SDL version or the Atlas version.) GLint oldReadBuffer, oldDrawBuffer; glGetIntegerv(GL_READ_BUFFER, &oldReadBuffer); glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_BUFFER, &oldDrawBuffer); glDrawBuffer(GL_FRONT); glReadBuffer(GL_FRONT); #endif // Hide the cursor CStrW oldCursor = g_CursorName; g_CursorName = L""; // Render each tile CMatrix3D projection; projection.SetIdentity(); - const CCamera& camera = *(g_Game->GetView()->GetCamera()); for (int tile_y = 0; tile_y < tiles; ++tile_y) { for (int tile_x = 0; tile_x < tiles; ++tile_x) { // Adjust the camera to render the appropriate region if (oldCamera.GetProjectionType() == CCamera::PERSPECTIVE) { projection.SetPerspectiveTile(oldCamera.GetFOV(), oldCamera.GetAspectRatio(), oldCamera.GetNearPlane(), oldCamera.GetFarPlane(), tiles, tile_x, tile_y); } g_Game->GetView()->GetCamera()->SetProjection(projection); RenderLogger(false); RenderGui(false); Render(); RenderGui(true); RenderLogger(true); // Copy the tile pixels into the main image glReadPixels(0, 0, tile_w, tile_h, fmt, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, tile_data); for (int y = 0; y < tile_h; ++y) { void* dest = (char*)img + ((tile_y*tile_h + y) * img_w + (tile_x*tile_w)) * bpp/8; void* src = (char*)tile_data + y * tile_w * bpp/8; memcpy(dest, src, tile_w * bpp/8); } } } // Restore the old cursor g_CursorName = oldCursor; #if !CONFIG2_GLES // Restore the buffer settings glDrawBuffer(oldDrawBuffer); glReadBuffer(oldReadBuffer); #endif // Restore the viewport settings { g_Renderer.Resize(g_xres, g_yres); SViewPort vp = { 0, 0, g_xres, g_yres }; g_Game->GetView()->SetViewport(vp); g_Game->GetView()->GetCamera()->SetProjectionFromCamera(oldCamera); } if (tex_write(&t, filename) == INFO::OK) { OsPath realPath; g_VFS->GetRealPath(filename, realPath); LOGMESSAGERENDER(g_L10n.Translate("Screenshot written to '%s'"), realPath.string8()); debug_printf( CStr(g_L10n.Translate("Screenshot written to '%s'") + "\n").c_str(), realPath.string8().c_str()); } else LOGERROR("Error writing screenshot to '%s'", filename.string8()); free(tile_data); } std::string Hexify(const std::string& s) { std::stringstream str; str << std::hex; for (const char& c : s) str << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << static_cast(static_cast(c)); return str.str(); } std::string Hexify(const u8* s, size_t length) { std::stringstream str; str << std::hex; for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) str << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << static_cast(s[i]); return str.str(); }